The Red Queen of the Maya’s Pyramid
Red Queen Funeral Mask
The Red Queen of the Maya and the Young Latina Who Found Her Pyramid
This is the story of Fanny Lopez Jiminez, a 24 year old archaeologist, and the Red Queen, a 1,400 year old great Mayan Queen. The story begins in Palenque, Mexico at one of the great sites of the Mayan pyramids. It is a story of discovery, appreciation, and Mexican cultural pride. It is also a story about contemporary Mexican woman and her ancient Mayan ancestor.
Who was the Red Queen of the Maya?
The true identity of the Red Queen remains a mystery. Most Maya archaeologist believe that she is Lady Ix Tz’akbu Ajaw, wife of the great Mayan King Pakal. Her tomb was found in Temple XIII in the ancient Mayan city of Palenques which is in current day Chipas, Mexico.
Temple of the Inscriptions and Temple XIII
Temple XIII is adjacent to the Temple of Inscriptions, the site of the incredible tomb of Pakal. The site is now part of the Palenque National Park. The tomb has been dated to have been constructed between 400 and 700 AD. That is around a 1,000 years before the Columbus discovered America, the Spanish arrived in Mexico, or white people came to the United States.
The Mexican National Institute of Archeology estimate the age of the tomb based on the pottery found inside compared to other Mayan pyramid sites. The Institute also studied the remains of the Red Queen by conducting carbon 14 tests and facial reconstruction.
Red Queen Reconstructed
The scientists were also able to extract a collagen sample from her vertebrae to obtain her DNA. The DNA showed she was 60 years old when she died, and that she had osteoporosis. Even with all that information, her identity could not be established beyond certainty because there were no inscriptions in the chamber to describe it as the tomb of Lady Ajaw.
The scientists were certain that she was a very important person. She was buried in a pyramid next to Pakal the Great’s burial pyramid. The artifacts discovered in her tomb were similar to those found in Pakal’s tomb. She had a jade funeral mask, earrings, and a sarcophagus similar to Pakal’s, but not as grand. It was first thought that she was Pakal’s mother but the DNA proved they were not related. This is when the theory that she is Pakal’s wife, Lady Ix Tz’akbu Ajaw was proposed. The best way to prove this theory will be to compare the Red Queen’s DNA to that of Pakal’s sons. Unfortunately, the tombs of Pakal’s sons have not been found. The crew from the Institute is still exploring the area at Palenque looking for the tombs of the sons of Pakal, but no luck yet. The Red Queen was returned to Palenque in 2012 and buried nearby because the conditions in the pyramid did not allow her remains to be return to the sarcophagus. The mystery of the Red Queen remains unsolved.
If the Red Queen is Ix Tz’akbu Ajaw, her story is quite interesting. She came to Palenque in 626 AD from a neighboring city to marry Pakal. She bore three maybe four sons. Two of the sons became rulers of Palenque. Tablets in the Temple of Inscriptions, Pakal’s tomb, record her marriage to Pakal and her death. Other inscriptions show her and Pakal with their second son, K’inich Kan Joy Chitam II, giving him the symbols of the king and divine ancestry. The Dumbarton Oaks Tablet depicts this son as the rain God, Chaac. The two sons that ruled Palenque did not have heirs. The youngest son died before he could ascend to the throne, but his son did rule Palenque. The inscriptions in the temples and on the pyramids show a woman very much involved in the kingdom and her family. She was very much Pakal’s partner. The Red Queen died in 672 AD, eleven years before Pakal’s death in 683. Pakal would have personally overseen her royal burial and the construction of her pyramid adjacent to his own. Many archaeologists believed Lady Ajaw is the most likely candidate for the identity of the Red Queen.
Palenque and the Great Pakal
Palenque was one of the wealthiest and most powerful of the Maya city states in pre-Columbian Mexico.
Palenque Royal Palace
It was located in the foothills of the Chiapas mountains, on a site where several rivers come together, with waterfalls and pools; the name of the site in modern Mayan is Lakam Ha, or “big water”. The site was first occupied in the early Classical Period (200-600 AD) and the city fell in about 800 AD. The City went into a decline and was gradually abandoned and reclaimed by the jungle.
Spanish explorers first visited the site in 1773 and 1784, and a Spanish military expedition was sent to the city in 1786; they broke down walls searching for treasure, but did not find the royal tombs. Several explorers visited the city in the 19th century, making drawings and publishing reports about the ruins. In 1948, an archaeologist, Albert Ruz Lhuillier discovered the hidden entrance to the Pyramid of the Inscriptions, and four years later he opened the tomb of Pakal, with its treasures; but Temple XIII remained unexplored for decades.
The ruins of Palenque cover an area of about a square mile, with hundreds of structures. In the center of the city is a large palace and a group of three pyramids located on the Great Plaza, or main square. The largest pyramid, the Pyramid of the Inscriptions, was constructed especially for the remains of Pakal or as the inscriptions read Pakal the Great, who ruled from 615 AD until 683 AD, the period of the city’s greatest glory.
Pakal the Great

The tomb was comparable to the tomb of Egypt’s King Tut. Next to The Temple of Inscriptions are two smaller but similar pyramids. Temple XIII is immediately next to Pakal’s tomb and while similar in structure it is much smaller in size. It is about 36 feet high, built in steps, with an external stairway leading to the top. Temple XIII has an internal stairway leads into the center of the pyramid, but it had completely collapsed and was blocked by debris at the time of its discovery. In 1973 the archeologist Jorge Acosta explored the first two levels of Temple XIII, but did not find the entrance to the burial chamber of the Red Queen.
Who is the Young Woman That Found the Lost Red Mayan Queen?
Fanny López Jiménez is a Mexican archaeologist known for her excavations at Palenque, including the discovery of the Tomb of the Red Queen.
Fanny Lopez Jimenez
López Jiménez studied archaeology at the National School of Anthropology and History in Mexico City. She completed her first fieldwork in Lagartero near Comitan and shortly after, in 1991, performed excavation practices in Palenque, on the north side El Palacio. She was only 24 years old when she discovered the red queen. She was born in Tuxtla Gutierrex, Mexico.
How Fanny Lopez Jimenez Found the Red Queen of the Maya
In the spring of 1994, the young Mexican archaeologist was performing routine stabilization work on a temple, Temple XIII, next to the Temple of the Inscriptions where Pakal’s tomb was discovered. Fanny noted a small crack on the stairs, partially covered by masonry and some weeds. Using her flashlight and a mirror, she peered into a narrow the passageway hidden by the stairs. All she could see was the hallway and what appeared to be a sealed door at the end. She ran to the team leader, Arnoldo Gonzales Cruz, to report her discovery.
The next day the archaeology team from the National Institute of Anthropology and History of Mexico was eager to begin the exploration what Fanny had uncovered. They located a small blocked door on a vertical section on the second level of the pyramid, about 9 feet above the level of the Plaza. The team removed the masonry and found a narrow corridor 20 feet long, blocked by debris, leading into the pyramid. That corridor led to another corridor, 45 feet long, made of large limestone blocks, which ran from north to south inside the pyramid. This corridor was free of debris. There were three chambers on the south side of the corridor; two were open and empty, with signs that rituals performed in front of each chamber, but the third was blocked by a stone wall covered with stucco. The stucco had some markings and traces of pigment.
The team headed by Cruz was extremely curious to know what was inside, but they did not tear down the wall right away, fearing they might damage any decorations on the inside of the wall. After deliberation, they made a small hole and peered inside.
Entrance to the Red Queen’s Tomb
They saw a sarcophagus and what appeared to be a perfectly intact tomb. It was an enormous discovery.
The team made a small cut above the sealed door, threaded a long-neck lamp through and saw a closed sarcophagus nearly filling the chamber, covered with red cinnabar.
Cinnabar Mercury Ore
This was the tomb of the Red Queen.
After learning that there were no decorations or carvings on the wall’s interior, the team cut a hole in the wall to gain access. The archaeologists carefully lifted the lid of the sarcophagus just a few inches, a laborious process which took fourteen hours, to reveal its contents. Inside they found the remains of a woman lying on her back.
Mayan Red Queen
Her skeleton was covered and surrounded by a large collection of jade and pearl objects, bone needles and shells, which were originally pieces of necklaces, earspools and wristlets. Around the skull was a crown made of flat circular jade beads, and the malachite pieces of what had been a funeral mask the was reminiscent of Pakal’s funeral mask found earlier. In the chest area of the skeleton were more flat jade beads and four obsidian blades.
The skeleton, the collection of objects, and the inside of the sarcophogus were entirely covered with a bright red dust made of cinnabar. Cinnabar is made from the ground ore of mercury. Mercuric oxide (cinnabar) was used by ancient Maya as a preservative in royal burials.
Two weeks later, they made a larger entrance into the chamber and found many artifacts, including a spindle whorl used by women to weave, figurine whistles, and ceramic bowls dating the burial to 600-700 AD. There were also two bodies, a young boy and a woman that were perhaps sacrifices to join the Queen on her journey to the afterlife.
Inspiration for Young Latinas and a Mexican Culture Celebration
If the Red Queen is Pakal’s wife, which is the current belief, she would have been the wife of one of the greatest Mayan rulers. Their offspring continued one of the greatest dynasties of Western World. It is hard to overstate the importance of Pakal in the history of Mexico, the western world and of mankind in general. Pakal ruled Palenque for 68 years ,the fifth-longest verified regnal period of any sovereign monarch in history, the longest in world history for more than a millennium, and still the second longest in the history of the Americas. Pakal was responsible for the construction or extension of some of Palenque’s most notable surviving inscriptions and monumental Mayan architecture.
Lady Ajaw Temple Inscription
The tablets and inscriptions depict his wife as a participating partner. How fitting that this great woman of our history and mother of our culture was found by a young Latina from Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico.
The sisterhood of strong women from Mayan times to my Mom in Los Angeles is a strong thread in the fabric of our culture. The foundation of our heritage and culture is clearly our families, and the women are the center of our families. So whether you’re a young archaeologist in Mexico or a grandmother in Los Angeles, be proud of that direct 4,000 year old linkage to one of the greatest civilizations to ever exist on Earth and your central role in that legacy.
Love, love,
The following were instrumental in assembling the information for this post:
- http://www.mexiconewsnetwork.com/art-culture/red-queen-palenque/ The Red Queen Of Palenque on mexiconewsnetwork.com
- ^ http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-americas/mystery-mayan-red-queen-008659?nopaging=1 The Mystery of the Mayan Red Queen The Mystery of the Mayan Red Queen on ancient-origins.net
- ^ http://archaeology.about.com/od/archaeologic7/ss/Palenque-Walking-Tour_4.htm Archeology.about.com article on Temple XIII and the structures of Palenque
- ^ http://www.mesoweb.com/palenque/features/red_queen/08.html A first-person account of the discovery of the tomb by Arnoldo Gonzales Cruz, from mesoweb.com
- ^ http://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/quien-es-la-reina-roja [Spanish] ¿Quién es la Reina Roja? by Fanny López Jiménez on arqueologiamexicana.mx
- ^ Arnoldo Gonzalez Cruz, “La Reina Roja: una tomba real en Palenque”
- ^ Arnoldo Gonzalez Cruz, “La Reina Roja: una tomba real en Palenque “
- ^ http://artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=60129#.Uf_LY3waySM | Article in Artnews on DNA testing of the Red Queen